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ANTHROPOS4 is a program from IST-GmbH for ergonomic analysis and layout of technology used by people and is used worldwide as an
intelligent DIGITAL MOCK-UP tool by constructors, designers, work-place planners as well as industrial and safety engineers, architects and interior decorators, but also in research and academic teaching.
Complex technical products will in future be constructed solely in the computer without hardware mock-up. The term DIGITAL MOCK-UP used for
this, which covers all functions relevant to planning and construction, is becoming steadily more widespread in CAD. Up till now, however, there has been no ergonony module for this comprehensive process. ANTHROPOS
fills this gap.
ANTHROPOS is written in C and C++ and works as a completely integrated application at the PC level in AutoCAD (DOS, WIN95 and NT) and CADKEY
(DOS, WIN95 and NT), on workstations in CADDS5 (SUN and HP) and CATIA4 (RS6000). In one variant certain functions of ANTHROPOS can also be used in 3D-Studio.
Integrated applications save time-consuming and often frustrating data transfer in comparison with stand-alone programs. The change to
ANTHROPOS and back again to CAD is made practically at a keystroke. Applications use familiar functions of the CAD system; they can be learnt more quickly and easily. A special emulation technique guarantees rapid
adaptation to new releases.
The ANTHROPOS models consist of 90 parts of the body and a corresponding number of joints, some of which have five axes. The surface is
constructed internally of 3200 skin points, which are also used for recognition of collisions and release from them, and can be displayed in various graphic qualities from wireframe to shading depending on the CAD
system used in each case. POINTS, LINES, POLYLINES, POLYGONS, SPLINES, SURFACES, CURVES, NURBS and SOLIDS are used as graphic elements.
The movement intelligence of the models is integrated in the internal support and movement apparatus (skeleton) including 24-part spine and
five-finger hands. By contraction and expansion the skin adapts itself to the skeleton movement in each case. On it one can specify the reference points which are to make contact with the environmental graphic. The
models are lightly clothed and wear uniform shoes.
For creation of the models the following anthropometric data bases have been used: "ANTHROPOLOGISCHER ATLAS" (Flügel, Greil, Sommer,
1983), "Handbuch der Ergonomie" (Lufthansaverlag 1975), "BODYSPACE" (Pheasant, 1988), "DIN 30402" (1978), "Internationaler anthropometrischer Datenatlas" (Jürgens, BAU, 1989).
On graphical conversion these data and deviations from them necessitated by consistency are displayed.
In a type selection menu models from 10 nations and 20 regions of the world can be called by sex, age and body height. Furthermore
disproportionalities (sitting giants and sitting dwarfs) with normal, short and long arms are available, and somato-types can be generated using a 9x9 matrix for proportionality and characteristics. Acceleration
factors up to the year 2030 are computed.
In addition to the standard types the user can generate individuals and disabilities himself in a special type editor. A menu which displays
the dimensions graphically and numerically and describes the measuring technique necessary for this simplifies the editing work together with the data base which runs in background and thereby corrects the errors.
Edited figures can be used in the program just like standard models.
The organization of the analysis as a whole is realized in file management as a project. In it all ANTHROPOS functions and the CAD graphic are
integrated. The results obtained are saved automatically in a methodical way. Single results can be stored separately and can be integrated again into subsequent projects.
At any time five models equipped with all attributes can be switched current, active or inactive in person management. In it the entire graphic
and the type selection is also organized. The information relating to each person can be called in the scope determined by the user and printed out as a document which supplements the graphic information
alphanumerically.
The models are visualized with various graphic qualities: the skeleton, the spine and two work graphics are available as wireframes. Polygon,
surface and shade models can be prepared as a temporary graphic, depending on the CAD system used in each case, and from the same selection box they can be copied into the CAD date base.
In addition to the graphic selection of the models, reachability curves from the current position can be drawn in for arms and shoulders, the
hip point according to SAE, point displays for collision with the environment and skin surface points for checking dimensions depending on the animation. Furthermore touch point marks and their automatic
dimensioning can be displayed.
For animation of the models in a great variety of body postures six interaction processes and many possible special settings are offered. For
the hands alone gripping postures with the hand straightened and slack and adjustable gripping diameter, forefinger straight and bent and dynamic movement of single fingers are available.
Rotational and lateral movements of the kinematic chains can be carried out in free space, but also to defined points on the environmental
graphic. The parts of the body are selected for this in an interaction box with a mouse click on a Leonardo graphic. Direct movements to the chosen point and gathering of several points is possible.
Using gravitational principles the kinematic chains move to goal points, where they remain fixed until further notice. In order to specify the
position of the hands and feet at the goal, exact touch planes can be specified there. If several goal points are combined together, then the body element moves in a dynamic sequence to these points.
The main animation process is called auto-animation. In it the programmed movement intelligence is fully utilized. On doing this the
various movement limits of the joints and the movement dependencies of pelvis and thigh on sitting as well as the forced movement in the shoulder region on lifting the arms are taken into account. Body postures
injurious to health cannot be generated with auto-animation.
In order also to generate forced postures, as still occur at many workplaces, we use manual animation, in which there are no angle
limits. With this method, however, in addition to the set standards, the mobility of the spine depending on age and fitness can also to influenced. All settings are made dymanically by entering angles or with a
potentiometer.
Standard body postures (bending, kneeling, crouching, sitting, climbing) can be generated effectively with complex animation. But also
pelvis rotation with fixed foot position and walking to a distant goal are possible. As soon as floor and seat height are given and the angle of the seat and backrest have been set dynamically, the optimum foot
position is computed and the model immediately assumes this sitting position.
The standard sequences of a kinematic chain are enhanced in sequence animation by sequential movement phases of the whole model. All parts of the body can display such complex movements simultaneously and thus simulate getting into a vehicle or the sequence of actions on fitting a metal plate.
In parametric animation the user can construct relationships to a reference point and mutual relationships to touch points and objects (lever, steering wheel, car door), which react parametrically to changes. All relationships are dimensioned automatically.
In addition to touch points and touch planes restriction surfaces can be defined; ANTHROPOS recognises them as collision surfaces relating to parts of the body with the help of its 3200 skin points, and frees itself from them. If restriction angles have been entered, then it records the exceeding of these values caused by animation.
In order to recognise reachabilities not only after single animations, a reachability module for hands and feet is available, with which all
defined goal points are tested simultaneously and (if necessary with offset values for tools) denoted as "reachable, only just reachable or unreachable". The reachability curve is displayed on defined
planes.
ANTHROPOS can see its environment in various ways. With the permanent eye switched on, it shows its graphic environment in a separate window on
each animation as a person would see it with his same head position. Angle of sight and distance seen can be specified by the user.
The various sight functions, however, also include projection of points on defined planes (road, house front). Objects which hinder sight
(steering wheel in front of instrument panel) are projected as shadows on the environment, and anything seen in a rear-view mirror to be defined with curvature factors can be displayed on the mirror.
ANTHROPOS is lightly clothed and wears shoes. But one can also connect constructed helmets and tools to it as passive objects which also carry
out all movements caused by animation. The contact point defined on the tools can be guided exactly to goal points of the environment, during which hand and object remain connected together by inverse kinematics.
If objects (lever, door) are actively connected to ANTHROPOS, then the model or a part of the body is forced to follow their movement. In this
way forced movements caused by objects can be shown and analysed. If a steering wheel connected to both hands is turned, then the movements of closed kinematic chains can also be simulated.
On animation ANTHROPOS automatically tests the physical loading of the joints caused by the animation (movement space used in percent, joint
point resistance, torque and normal force) and compares them with an alternative movement carried out by the user. The values can be output alphanumerically and graphically.
ANTHROPOS can store a job file as a job with almost all integrated functions with up to 2000 events as picture and text information and
reproduce it "step by step" or in a continuous series of pictures. The job is created by the user and ANTHROPOS together. With it analytical relationships can be made much more easily visible.
Depending on person and sitting position ANTHROPOS computes the static and dynamic leg forces allowing for periods of rest on actuating pedals
in a vehicle.
With the BURAND method load limits for lifting and carrying are computed, with the person standing facing the load. Sex and age, body height
and fitness, load weight and frequency as well as distance lifted are included in the calculation. The result can be printed out as a report.
During an analysis process ANTHROPOS produces altogether a great flood of data. In order that only the data necessary for the project concerned
are computed, the user can make a selection for the documentation by parts of the body (joints) and analysis technique (sight, reaching, normal forces, torques etc.) as well as by person data.
The selected data can be produced in an alphanumeric analysis document or be printed out together with the graphic in various ways or
transferred to programs for further processing for the purpose of publication.
ANTHROPOS is at present available in German and English. The change is made with a language switch. The wish to offer the program in other
languages too is being investigated.
With the help of an ANTHROPOS organizer direct switching can be made as with a digitizer, which leads without intermediate steps to frequently
used menus. In this module a DIN drawing frame with a key that can be filled out can also be called.
With the FREEPOINT 3D (alias GP12) ultrasonic method the ANTHROPOS user can digitalize 3D objects and reproduce them in CAD in a quality
adequate for ergonomy analyses. The method can also be used directly with ANTHROPOS for entering measurement data and reproducing movements.
ANTHROPOS licence holders can agree various hotline contracts which include installation and usage assistance. Versions with errors corrected
are sent without being requested.
IST-GmbH offers basic and expert courses on ANTHROPOS use and courses on computer-aided ergonomy analyses. Also regular courses on measurement
data entry with FREEPOINT, 3D construction courses for CADKEY and comprehensive training in the use of the CV-ACT and CV-Dors interfaces are given.
Since computer-aided ergonomy methods are only rarely taught, the ANTHROPOS team is developing its own methods of this kind. Examples of these
are to be found in two chapters of the handbook. The users are requested to add their own contributions to the collection of methods.
Further development of the program is guaranteed. Principal areas of development in the near future will be in the field of dynamic simulation
and the inclusion of environmental factors (climate, light). The IST team is deeply involved in research and development activities of other institutes and companies.
ANTHROPOS is not only a program, but an open method on whose further development all users can collaborate. ANTHROPOS has been used in numerous
diploma projects, and much has been published about this ergonomy method. More than 100 licences were issued by March 1996.
Use in the various CAD environments requires a variety of hardware. For PC use in DOS at least 16 MB RAM should be available; WINDOWS use needs
at least 32 MB main storage. Graphic resolution should not be less than 1028x640 pixels. For use in CATIA on RS6000 CATIA-3D is essential. CADDS5 use is at present possible only on SUN and HP machines and requires a
CV-DORS runtime licence.
For beginners and users who only want to use certain parts of the computer-aided analysis methods an ANTHROPOS basic version is available. It
contains all human models and graphic functions and three animation procedures of the professional version. The case studies described in chapter 8 of the handbook have been produced with the basic version.
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